In this essay I can explore one small part of the question of humanity, “Why is human life valuable?”—a question more pointed when phrased as, “Is human dignity earned or is human dignity a gift?” Differing views in this area lie right below other important questions such as: Is there a universal reason to protect human rights, meaning a reason that is not too dependent on one culture or country? Is there a universal reason to practice humanitarian aid and medical aid? Should we all be concerned about public safety? This is not only a question of metaethics; it is also basic philosophy. Any philosophy without a satisfactory explanation of our consciousness (including our awareness of what people should rationally expect from each other) needs serious revision.
In modern thought there are two primary types of answers to why human life is valuable; some claim that the dignity of the person is earned by some function or ability, while others claim that human dignity is a gift given in a relationship or by nature. The first approach I call “functionalism,” the second “personalism.” Functionalist views of human dignity usually arise within naturalistic worldviews. Personalist views of human dignity are part of a personalist view of the universe. Functionalist views of human dignity have sometimes led to viewing homo sapiens who lack certain crucial functions as being subhuman and discardable. A personalist view of human dignity may lead to significant sacrifices for our neighbors. This distinction requires explanation, first by illustrating functionalism, then personalism.
